: Paleoclimatology: climate

climate

Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in an area, typically averaged over a period of 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the climate system, which includes the ocean, land, and ice on Earth. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude/longitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The climate system is defined as the statistics of the weather. It includes not only the means but also variances, extreme values, and other statistical descriptors. The climate system consists of subsystems such as the atmosphere, the oceans, the cryosphere, land surfaces, and biogeochemical cycles. (Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate and P. Müller (2010). Climate Change, 1, 565-580.)

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